What is Surgery?

Surgery is the general term for any surgical procedure performed on body tissues as part of a medical intervention. It is performed to treat a disease, repair an organ, or improve a bodily function. Surgeries are generally performed in different ways, depending on the patient's general condition, the type of disease, and its extent. In modern medicine, surgeries can be performed using either open or closed (minimally invasive) surgical methods.

Types of Surgery

• Open Surgery : In this type of surgery, the surgeon opens a specific area of ​​the body and performs the procedure directly. This requires a large incision and a wide surgical field. For example, liver or heart surgeries are often performed using open surgery.
• Laparoscopy : Also known as minimally invasive surgery, this procedure is performed through small incisions. The surgeon performs the surgery inside the body using specialized instruments and a small camera. This procedure results in less pain, faster recovery, and smaller scars.
• Emergency Surgery : These are surgeries performed urgently when a patient's life is threatened. These include traffic accidents, organ perforation, or internal bleeding.
• Planned Surgery : These are non-urgent surgeries planned in advance for the treatment of a specific condition. For example, hernia or cataract surgeries fall into this category.

What is Open Surgery?

Open surgery is a surgical procedure in which surgeons make a large incision in the body to achieve a wide surgical field. This type of surgery allows the surgeon direct access to the patient's organs and tissues. It is a preferred method, especially for operations involving complex, delicate, or deep-seated areas. Open surgery forms the basis of many surgical disciplines and is still considered the most reliable treatment option in some cases.

The Purpose of Open Surgery

The primary purpose of open surgery is to directly intervene in diseased or damaged organs or tissues. In some cases, open surgery is preferred when closed surgical techniques are not applicable or are inadequate. For example, open surgery may be more appropriate for the treatment of certain types of cancer, organ transplants, or major trauma. These surgeries allow the surgeon to operate in a wider visual and physical area, allowing for more accurate observation and intervention of complications in the treated area.

Application Areas of Open Surgery

Open surgery can be performed in a wide range of situations. This method is typically used for conditions that involve large organs or require extensive surgery. Here are some common areas where open surgery is used:

• Heart Surgery : Open heart surgery is preferred for operations requiring detailed interventions on the heart, such as coronary artery bypass surgery, valve repair or replacement procedures.
• General Surgery : Open surgery is preferred in major operations requiring intervention on internal organs such as the stomach, intestines, liver and gallbladder.
• Orthopedics : Complex bone surgeries such as large bone fractures, prosthesis placement or joint replacement surgeries are performed with the open method.
• Neurosurgery (Brain Surgery) : Procedures in sensitive and critical areas such as brain tumors or serious head traumas are performed with open surgery.
• Cancer Surgery : Open surgery may be the most effective option, especially when large tumors need to be removed.

What is Laparoscopy?

Laparoscopy is a surgical procedure performed through a small incision in the abdomen. This procedure uses a camera and light source, placed inside a long, thin tube called a laparoscope, to visualize the inside of the abdomen. The camera transmits images to a monitor, and the surgeon uses these images to guide the surgery. Laparoscopic surgery is typically used for procedures involving organs in the abdomen, but in some cases, it can be performed in other locations.

Application Areas of Laparoscopy

Laparoscopy can be used in a variety of surgical areas. Here are some common applications:

• General Surgery : Gallbladder surgery (cholecystectomy), appendectomy (appendectomy) and some intestinal surgeries can be performed via laparoscopy.
• Gynecology : Laparoscopic methods are used in the treatment of endometriosis, fibroids, polyps or other gynecological problems.
• Urology : Kidney stones, prostate problems, and some urinary tract surgeries can be performed via laparoscopy.
• Orthopedics : Some joint and knee surgeries can be performed with laparoscopic methods.
• Gastroenterology : Liver biopsies and some stomach and intestinal diseases can be diagnosed by laparoscopy.

Laparoscopy Process

The laparoscopic surgery process generally consists of the following steps:

• Preparation : Before surgery, the patient's general health is assessed. Necessary tests are performed, and the patient is informed about the risks and procedure.
• Anesthesia : Laparoscopy is usually performed under general anesthesia. The patient is completely asleep during the surgery and feels no pain.
• Surgery : The surgeon makes several small incisions in the abdomen. One of these incisions is used to insert a laparoscope and other surgical instruments. The laparoscope is inserted into the abdomen, and images of the internal organs are projected onto a monitor. The surgeon then uses these images to perform any necessary interventions.
• Closure : Once the procedure is complete, the incisions are closed, often using special adhesives or small tapes instead of stitches.
• Post-operative Care : Patients typically wake up within a few hours of surgery and can often be discharged the same day. Recovery is generally quicker than with open surgery.

Advantages of Laparoscopy

• Minimally Invasive : This surgery, performed using small incisions, creates less trauma to the body and accelerates the healing process.
• Less Pain : Smaller incisions reduce post-operative pain and are generally easier to manage.
• Fast Recovery : Patients generally recover quicker than with open surgery, and hospital stays are shorter.
• Smaller Scars : Laparoscopic surgeries leave smaller and more aesthetically acceptable scars because they do not require large incisions.
• Less Risk of Infection : Small incisions reduce the risk of infection because the surgical site is less exposed.

Disadvantages of Laparoscopy

• Technological and Technical Limitations : Laparoscopy may not provide adequate visibility or intervention in some complex cases. In such cases, open surgery may be necessary.
• Requires Extensive Training and Experience : Laparoscopic surgery requires surgeons to receive specialized training and gain experience. This can affect how effectively a surgeon can use the technique.
• Device and Equipment Costs : The equipment required for laparoscopy is generally more expensive. This may limit its use in some healthcare settings.

What is Emergency Surgery?

Emergency surgery is a surgical procedure performed in life-threatening situations requiring immediate intervention. These procedures are typically performed to quickly stabilize a patient's health, prevent serious complications, and maintain their quality of life. Emergency surgeries typically arise from unexpected and sudden health problems that require immediate medical attention.

The Necessity of Emergency Surgery

Emergency surgeries can involve a variety of emergencies and typically include:

• Life-threatening : The patient is experiencing a life-threatening situation. For example, internal bleeding, organ perforation, or severe trauma require emergency surgery.
• Rapid Response : The situation must be addressed quickly. Delay could worsen the patient's condition or cause permanent damage.
• Preventing Complications : Some conditions can lead to serious complications and health problems. Emergency surgery is performed to prevent these complications.

Application Areas of Emergency Surgery

Emergency surgeries are necessary for a variety of medical conditions. Here are some common examples:

• Trauma and Post-Accident Conditions : Internal bleeding, fractures or organ damage resulting from traffic accidents, falls or serious injuries may require emergency surgery.
• Internal Bleeding : Internal bleeding such as stomach ulcers, liver trauma, or rupture of major blood vessels may require emergency surgery.
• Appendicitis : Appendicitis, which occurs as a result of inflammation of the appendix, can burst if left untreated, requiring urgent surgical intervention.
• Kidney Stones : Large kidney stones can block the urinary tract, causing pain and infections. Such situations may require emergency surgery.
• Major Infections : A widespread infection or abscess formation throughout the body may require emergency surgery, especially if the infection is spreading rapidly or is life-threatening.
• Birth Complications : Emergencies that arise during a cesarean delivery may require immediate surgical intervention to protect the health of the mother and baby.

Emergency Surgery Process

The emergency surgery process consists of a series of steps that must occur quickly and effectively:

• Patient Assessment : Patients experiencing an emergency situation typically present to the emergency department . There, their health is quickly assessed and necessary tests are performed. Initial intervention in the emergency department is to stabilize the patient.
• Anesthesia : Emergency surgeries are usually performed under general anesthesia. This ensures the patient is completely asleep during the surgery and prevents pain.
• Surgery : The surgeon performs the necessary intervention depending on the situation. Open surgery or minimally invasive methods may be used. The goal is to resolve the patient's immediate condition and, if possible, provide a permanent solution.
• Postoperative Care : After surgery, the patient is usually admitted to the intensive care unit and closely monitored to stabilize their condition. The success of the surgery and recovery time vary depending on the patient's condition.

Risks of Emergency Surgery

Emergency surgeries can sometimes carry higher risks because they require immediate intervention. These risks may include:

• Anesthesia Complications : General anesthesia may carry some risks, especially if the patient's general health condition or reactions to anesthesia are affected.
• Infection Risk : During emergency surgeries, the body may be more vulnerable to infection. Sterilization and hygiene rules must be followed.
• Bleeding : The risk of bleeding increases, especially during major surgeries involving internal organs. This may require additional intervention.
• Complications : Unexpected complications may arise during or after surgery. These complications may affect the healing process.

Advantages of Emergency Surgery

Emergency surgeries are often performed to protect a patient's health and save their life. The advantages of this type of surgery include:

• Life Saving : In emergency situations, rapid intervention can save a patient's life and reduce the risk of death.
• Solving Emergency Problems : Major traumas or sudden health problems can be resolved quickly with emergency surgeries.
• Rapid Response : The surgeon's ability to intervene quickly in emergency situations can preserve the patient's overall health and quality of life.

What is Planned Surgery?

Planned surgery is a surgical procedure performed after a thorough and thorough assessment of the patient's health beforehand. This type of surgery is a systematic approach, performed outside of emergencies, and is generally intended to treat a specific condition or improve quality of life. Planned surgeries are typically carefully planned, considering the patient's overall health, the purpose of the surgery, and the necessary preliminary preparations.

Characteristics of Planned Surgery

Features of planned surgeries include:

• Advance Planning : Planned surgeries are performed after a detailed patient evaluation and determination of the need for surgery. This planning process is carried out in collaboration with the surgeon, anesthesiologist, and other healthcare professionals.
• Determining Requirements : Necessary tests and preparations are made, taking into account the patient's health, medical history, and the extent of the surgery. Blood tests, imaging studies, and other evaluations are typically performed before surgery.
• Surgery Date and Time : Planned surgeries are usually scheduled for a specific date and time. This is important so that the patient and their healthcare team can fully prepare.

Types of Planned Surgery

Planned surgeries cover a variety of medical conditions and can be performed for different purposes:

• Tumor and Cancer Surgeries : Planned surgeries to remove cancerous tissues or treat tumors are usually performed after a detailed evaluation and preparation process.
• Orthopedic Surgeries : Planned orthopedic surgeries for conditions such as bone fractures, prosthesis placement, or joint problems are planned in advance to optimize the patient's recovery process.
• Gynecological Surgeries : Surgeries for problems related to the uterus, ovaries, or other gynecological organs are usually planned. These surgeries are performed to protect the patient's overall health and improve their quality of life.
• Gastroenterological Surgeries : Surgeries for diseases of the stomach, intestines, or liver are also performed on a planned basis. These surgeries aim to improve the health of the digestive system.
• Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgeries : Surgeries performed for aesthetic reasons or post-traumatic reconstruction are generally planned according to the patient's demands and needs.

Planned Surgery Process

The planned surgery process consists of several stages:

• Preliminary Assessment : Before surgery, the patient's general health is thoroughly evaluated. This phase takes into account the patient's medical history, current health problems, and risks.
• Tests and Imaging : Various tests and imaging modalities are used to determine the patient's health status. These tests are essential for the safe and effective operation.
• Surgical Plan : The surgeon develops a surgical plan based on the patient's condition and needs. This plan includes the type of surgery, the procedures to be performed, and potential risks.
• Preoperative Preparation : The patient is informed about the procedures they need to follow before surgery. This typically includes fasting, medication management, and general hygiene measures.
• Surgery and Post-Operative Care : After surgery, the patient begins their recovery. This includes postoperative care, pain management, and recovery monitoring.

Advantages of Planned Surgery

• Better Preparation : Planned surgeries allow the surgeon and medical team to thoroughly prepare before the surgery. This increases the safety of the surgery and reduces the risk of complications.
• High Success Rate : Pre-evaluations and preparations increase the success of the surgery and accelerate the recovery process.
• Less Stress and Anxiety : Patients often experience less stress during planned surgeries by knowing the process in advance. Having a specific surgery date allows for more systematic preparations.
• Personalized Approach : Planned surgeries can be customized to the individual needs of the patient, helping to manage the recovery process more effectively.

Disadvantages of Planned Surgery

• Risks of Delay : Planned surgeries can sometimes be postponed due to unexpected health problems or emergencies. This can prolong the treatment process.
• Psychological Preparation : Pre-operative preparations can be stressful for some patients. Psychological support can help manage these situations.
• Cost : Scheduled surgeries are often performed on a specific date and time, which can impact costs for healthcare facilities and patients.

Surgery Process

The surgical process consists of three main phases: preoperative preparation, surgery, and postoperative care.

• Preoperative Preparation : Before surgery, the patient's general health is assessed, necessary tests are performed, and information is provided about the risks of the surgery. The type of anesthesia is also determined. Depending on the patient's age, general health, and severity of the condition, either general or local anesthesia may be administered.
• Surgery : The surgeon makes the necessary incisions and performs surgery on the affected organ or tissue. During this process, the patient's vital functions are continuously monitored.
• Post-Operative Care : After surgery, the patient begins a recovery period. This process may vary depending on the extent and type of surgery. The patient is provided with pain management, wound care, and close monitoring for potential complications. While some surgeries may require a few days in the hospital, less complicated procedures may result in discharge the same day.

Surgery Risks

Every surgical procedure carries certain risks. These risks vary depending on factors such as the patient's overall health, the type of surgery, and the surgeon's experience. The most common risks include infection, bleeding, anesthesia-related complications, and recovery problems. To minimize these risks, careful patient monitoring is necessary both before and after surgery.

Post-Operative Recovery Process

Post-operative recovery varies depending on the patient's overall health and the extent of the surgery. While minor surgeries can be returned to normal life within a few days, major surgeries can take weeks or even months to heal. Following your doctor's instructions, taking care of your wound, and paying attention to signs of infection will speed up the healing process.

What is Anesthesia?

These are procedures performed by an anesthesiologist before, during, and after surgery. They are a series of essential medical procedures performed to ensure patient comfort and pain relief during and after surgery. The word means "feeling numb."

SURGICAL UNITS

• Anesthesia and Reanimation
• Brain and Neurosurgery
• Pediatric Surgery
• Thoracic Surgery
• Eye Diseases
• ENT Diseases
• Cardiovascular Surgery
• Obesity and Obesity Surgery
• Organ Transplant Surgery
• Pathology
• Orthopedics and Traumatology
• Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
• Urology
• In Vitro Fertilization
• Oncology Surgery

LIST OF SURGERY BY SURGICAL UNITS

PLASTIC AESTHETIC AND RECONSTRUCTIVE SURGICAL PROCEDURES AND SURGERIES

• Liposuction Application
• Prominent Ear Surgery
• Nose Aesthetics Rhinoplasty Surgery
• Hair Transplant with the FUE Method
• Breast Reduction Surgery
• Gynecomastia Surgery
• Breast Augmentation Surgery
• Burn Treatment
• Breast Lift Surgery
• Laser Applications
• Chest and Abdominal Wall Defects
• Hand Surgery (Traumas, Tumors, Finger Transfers, Finger Repairs)
• Deformities and Deficiencies in the Hands and Feet
• Cleft Lip & Palate Surgery
• Abdominoplasty (Tummy Tuck Surgery)
• Facial Deformity Surgery
• Scar Treatment
• Vaginal Aesthetic Surgery
• Eyelid Aesthetics
• Skin Tumor and Soft Tissue Tumor Operations
• Asymmetrical Face Surgery, Congenital Mass and Facial Cleft Surgery
• Chronic Wound Treatment
• Peripheral Nervous System Operations (Traumas, Neuropathies, Defects, Masses)

GENERAL SURGICAL PROCEDURES AND OPERATIONS

• Wire-Assisted Biopsy
• Hemorrhoid Surgery
• Umbilical Hernia Surgery
• Inguinal Hernia Surgery
• Laser Hemorrhoid Surgery
• Gallbladder Surgery
• Core Biopsy
• Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy Surgery
• Thyroid Surgery
• USG-Guided Biopsy in Breast Diseases
• Ingrown Hair Surgery (Pilonidal Sinus)
• Fistula and Anal Fissure Surgery

BRAIN AND NERVE SURGERY SURGERY PROCEDURES AND OPERATIONS

• Cervical Disc Herniation Surgery with Microsurgery
• Herniated Disc Surgery with Microsurgery

UROLOGY PROCEDURES AND SURGERIES

• Penile Prosthesis Implantation Operation
• Epididymectomy Surgery
• Varicocele Surgery
• Undescended Testicle Surgery
• Infertility Treatment in Men
• Testicular Prosthesis Placement
• Testicular Biopsy
• Orchiectomy Surgery
• Hydrocelectomy Operation
• Surgical Treatment of Epididymal Cyst
• Prostate Surgery: Open, Plasma Kinetic
• Peyronie's Disease Surgical Treatment
• Retropubic Uretropexy and Sling Surgery
• Posterior Urethral Valve Resection
• Internal Urethrotomy Surgery
• Vasectomy Surgery
• Hypospadias Repair
• Urinary Incontinence in Men: Injection of Substance into the Bladder Neck
• Bladder Biopsy
• Bladder Neck Resection
• Bladder Stone Surgery: Open and Closed Methods
• Bladder Tumor Treatment: Open and Closed Methods
• Ureterorenoscopy
• Endoscopic Ureterocele Treatment
• Ureteral Catheter Insertion and Removal Operations
• Ureteral Stone Surgery (Closed Method Treatment)
• Ureteral Diagnostic Biopsy Surgery
• Cystoscopy

ORTHOPEDICS AND TRAUMATOLOGY PROCEDURES AND SURGERIES

• Arthroscopic Shoulder Surgery & Shoulder Joint Subacromial Decompression
• Arthroscopic Debridement and Microfracture Surgery
• Arthroscopic Meniscectomy Surgery
• Arthroplasty (Total Joint Replacement) Surgery
• Arthroscopic Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
• Fracture and Dislocation Surgeries
• Soft Tissue Tumoral Mass Excision
• Hallux Valgus Surgery (Toe Deformity)
• Knee & Hip Replacement Surgery
• Nerve Entrapment Surgery
• Mosaicoplasty (Arthroscopic Cartilage Tissue Patch)
• Bone Deformity and Bone Lengthening Surgery
• Shoulder Dislocation Surgery (Arthroscopic Bankart Repair)
• Arthroscopy Surgery for Knee, Shoulder, and Ankle
• Carpal Tunnel Surgery

GYNECOLOGY AND BIRTH PROCEDURES AND SURGERIES

• Surgical Treatments for Polyps and Ovaries
• Urinary Bladder Prolapse Surgery
• Abortion Operation
• Hormonal Spiral (Minera)
• Vaginal Tightening and Expansion Surgery
• Vaginal Aesthetics (Vaginoplasty) Surgery
• Cauterization Surgery
• Tubal Ligation Surgery (TTL)
• Endometrial Biopsy Operation
• Treatment for Abnormal Uterine Bleeding
• Infertility Treatment in Women
• Myoma Surgery
• Uterine Prolapse Surgery
• Genital Aesthetics (Labiaplasty) Surgery
• IUI Insemination
• Treatment of Urinary Incontinence in Women
• Urogynecology Surgeries
• Cervical Cryotherapy Surgery
• Intrauterine Device Insertion and Removal Operation

EAR, NOSE AND THROAT DISEASES PROCEDURES AND SURGERIES

• Inserting Tubes into the Ears: Paracentesis and Tube Insertion
• Eardrum Surgery (Tympanomastoidectomy)
• Non-Surgical Nasal Concha Reduction Operation (Nasal Concha Reduction)
• Closed Sinus Surgery (Functional Endoscopy Sinus Surgery)
• Adenoid Surgery (Adenoidectomy)
• Nasal Polypectomy Surgery
• Tonsillectomy
• Nasal Deviation Surgery (Septoplasty)
• Salivary Gland Duct Stone and Tumor Surgery
• Snoring Treatment
• Aesthetic Nose Rhinoplasty Surgery