Ankle sprains are a very common orthopedic injury. Ankle sprains often cause short-term pain and are easily overcome. Severe sprains can lead to joint damage and bone fractures. Therefore, it is recommended that anyone experiencing an ankle sprain undergo an orthopedic examination.  

What is an Ankle Sprain? What are its causes?

An ankle sprain is an injury to the tough tissue connections, called ligaments, that connect the foot to the leg bones. These injuries typically occur due to abnormal ankle strain and imbalance when the sole of the foot is touching the ground. This can lead to ankle ligament damage or tearing. The damage typically occurs to the ligaments located on the outside of the ankle. 

An important point to note is that sprains that have not fully healed or have been neglected can cause joint laxity. This can lead to re-spraining of the foot, and if necessary precautions are not taken, sprains can reoccur. This, in turn, leads to deterioration of the joint cartilage.

The methods used to treat ankle sprains  vary depending on the severity of the injury. Ankle sprains are divided into three grades based on their severity.

• Grade 1 – The sprain is quite mild, causing stretching of the ligaments.
• Grade 2 (moderate) – Foot ligaments may be partially torn and the strain is more severe.
• Grade 3 (severe) – The ankle ligaments are completely torn, so the foot may be unstable and unable to bear weight.

Reasons

We can list the situations that can lead to ankle sprain as follows;

• Accidents that cause ankle strain
• Putting body weight on the foot in a forced and incorrect manner
• Walking or exercising on rough roads
• Choosing shoes that strain your ankles
• Muscle weakness

Symptoms of Ankle Sprain

In general, the most common symptoms of ankle sprain are as follows;

• Tenderness in the ankle
• Pain when standing on a sprained foot
• Swelling
• Hardness
• Change in skin color
• Bruise
• Restriction of movement
• Not being able to stand on one's feet
• severe pain

How Is An Ankle Sprain Diagnosed?

An ankle sprain  is diagnosed based on the patient's complaints and physical examination findings. During the physical examination, the ankle is thoroughly examined for tenderness and range of motion. If the sprain is severe, the following imaging methods are used to check for fractures or cracks in the bones in the area and to assess the extent of ligament damage:

• X-ray:  An x-ray of the ankle is taken to check for any fractures in the bones. 
• Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI):  MRI is used to observe detailed, 3-dimensional images of the soft internal structures of the ankle, including the ligaments.
• Computed Tomography (CT):  Depending on the severity of the sprain, CT scans are performed. This method provides a three-dimensional view of the bones.
• Ultrasound :  It is a method used to evaluate the condition of the ligaments or tendons in different positions of the foot, depending on the severity of the sprain.

How is an Ankle Sprain Treated?

After a sprained ankle  occurs, it's essential to see a doctor. Under a doctor's supervision, treatment methods are applied based on the severity of the sprain. These treatments may vary depending on the severity of the sprain.

If the ankle sprain is in the first stage,  the following treatments can be applied with the recommendation of your doctor.

• To rest
• Ice pack
• Use of bandages
• Elevation (keeping the ankle above heart level)

If the ankle sprain is in the 2nd stage;

• Depending on the degree of injury, a half plaster cast, splint or special ankle braces are used.
• Anti -edema and pain relieving cream medications are given.
• To rest
• Exercise

If the ankle sprain is in Stage 3,  it may not be possible for it to heal on its own due to the severity of this stage. At this stage, the torn ligament must be repaired. Therefore, surgery may be necessary.

How Many Days Does It Take to Heal?

The recovery time for ankle sprains  varies depending on the stage of the sprain. Stage 1 is a mild sprain, and recovery generally takes between 1 and 3 weeks. Stage 2 is a moderate sprain, and recovery generally takes between 3 and 8 weeks, depending on the treatment used. Stage 3 is a very severe sprain, and recovery time varies depending on the extent of ankle damage. Surgery at this stage affects recovery time.

What Happens If Ankle Sprain Is Left Untreated?

Ankle sprains  must be treated. Untreated sprains can cause permanent discomfort and weaken the muscles in the legs. They can also lead to complications over time.

Joint Stiffness (Contractures) :

If joint stiffness progresses, it can cause serious pain and arthritis.

Early Stage Arthritis (Joint Inflammation) :

In ankle sprains, if the damage to the ligaments is not taken seriously, early arthritis may occur.

Osteochondral Fracture :

Persistent sprains cause problems with the nutrition of bones, increasing the likelihood of fractures.

Can Ankle Sprains Be Prevented?

The risk of ankle sprain can be reduced to some extent with the tips listed below.

• Warm-up exercises should be done before exercising or doing sports. 
• When moving on an uneven surface, caution should be exercised and distractions should be avoided.
• A supportive bandage should be used on the previously sprained ankle during exercise. 
• Shoes appropriate for the activity should be worn.
• Wearing high-heeled shoes should be avoided as much as possible.
• By taking all precautions, regular exercise should be done to maintain muscle strength and flexibility.
• Doing balance exercises is also an effective method.